The hermeneutic understanding of culture as meaning making today seems theoretically most productive. Yet it has been targeted by a series of serious attacks. Part II presents these contestations of established understandings of culture, paying attention to what is the problem with culture, according to antihermeneutic, neomaterialist and post-humanist critics. Their arguments are scrutinised to learn from them and discern their limitations. In this chapter looks at early critics of hermeneutics, including Claude Lévi-Strauss and structuralism, Jürgen Habermas and ideology critique, Susan Sontag's pamphlet "against interpretation" and Michel Foucault, whose early work suggested that his genealogical and archeological discourse analysis should avoid meanings and interpretation. The chapter also discusses the concept of critique itself, advocating the notions of communicative and immanent critique.