At the turn of the twentieth century British and American philosophy was, as we have seen, under the domination of idealism. This did not last very far into the twentieth century. In 1934, Rudolf Metz, writing in reference to British philosophy said: "After its long decline, the idealist movement has almost come to an end within the last ten years or so... the movement has now about entirely receded into history."¹ Much the same could be said about American philosophy. In both cases idealism was being replaced by new forms of realism. In this chapter we are concerned with the turn towards realism in Great Britain the United States.