This chapter examines the unique civic structure of Siena, in the central Italian region of Tuscany. This structure evolved over centuries in connection with the horse race known as the Palio. The city is divided into 17 "contrade", or wards, which function as independent city-states within the city. Each has its own administration and officials, territorial boundaries, social activities and rituals such as baptisms, weddings and funerals. Their existence is inextricably linked to the ">Palio race.