As discussed in previous chapters, recent developments in neuroscience and cognitive science point towards the vital role that social interactions play in shaping the brain. In this chapter, I argue that understanding how social interactions shape the brain leads to significant and compelling alternative treatment options, and research, for mental illnesses such as ADHD, depression and Alzheimer's. These treatment options have important implications for American social, legal, and health policies regarding the mentally ill. Specifically, I first highlight the how mental illness is defined and understood in the United States. I then identify and describe three key brain disorders in terms of their neurological basis, etiology, clinical criteria and diagnostic processes, standard treatment protocol and outcomes, and a neurosociological perspective. I then discuss alternative treatment options for these disorders, based on the few such programs in the United States as well as those found in other countries, which reflect a neurosociological sensibility. I conclude by highlighting the impact of a neurosociology of mental health for changing the way mental illness is addressed in the United States.