As we have seen in chapter one, much of the German resistance to the Nazis came in the form of protests from the Catholic clergy, such as Count Clemens August von Galen's sermons against the euthanasia policy and Bernard Lichtenberg's public support of the Jews. Protestant pastors, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Theophil Wurm, and Martin Niemöller, also challenged the Nazi policies of genocide. The clergy's resistance to the tenets of National Socialism (and this category would tangentially include the deeply religious Kurt Gerstein with ties to the Confessional Church) will be examined in more detail in chapter six. Aside from the isolated examples of individual resisters in Germany, such as Werner Scharff Julius Madritsch, and members of the White Rose or the Herbert Baum Group, most of the serious resisters were high-ranking German officers. This chapter will focus on resistance of the German military both to Hitler's rule and to the abyss into which he led the German nation.