On November 2012, a group of international specialists in Austrian economics and Austrian philosophy gathered at the University of Texas at Arlington for a conference on Austrian thought. The focus was the legacy of the schools led by Franz Brentano, in philosophy, and Carl Menger, in economics, in Vienna at the turn of the twentieth century. The discussions at the conference ranged from the themes of intentionality, scarcity, social ontology, and logic to broader interdisciplinary topics in value theory, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. These discussions were the inspiration for this volume. The contributions to this special issue of Axiomathes constitute a tapestry of the various ideas advanced by Austrian economists and philosophers and indicate something of their significance today.